Science in the Enlightenment Integrated Timeline 1592 Galileo develops first thermometer 1600 Tycho Brahe makes Mars observations 1600 Gilbert's work on electricity and magnetism published 1637 Descartes publishes the Discourse on Method 1637 Descartes publishes Geometry 1641 Descartes publishes the Meditations 1644 Descartes argues that "quantity of motion" is conserved 1649 Charles I deposed; start of Interregnum years 1660 Restoration of Charles II to British throne; end of civil war 1660 Robert Boyle publishes accounts of vacuum experiments 1661 Ascension of Louis XIV to French throne; start of ancien regime 1666 French Academie des Sciences founded 1669 First work on phlogiston published in Germany 1671 Locke first drafts An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding 1683-1689 Locke leaves England for political reasons 1686 Leibniz argues in favor of vis viva 1687 Newton publishes the Principia 1688 William of Orange takes British throne 1689 British parliamentary system established 1690 Locke publishes An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding 1690 Locke anonymously publishes Two Treatises of Government 1693 Locke publishes Some Thoughts Concerning Education 1703 Phlogiston theory expanded on 1704 Newton publishes the Optiks 1705 Hauksbee (England) begins generating electricity with glass globes 1709 George Berkeley publishes New Theory of Vision 1715 Leiden University (Holland) begins extensive experimental work 1719 Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe 1720 'sGravesande publishes Introduction to the philosophy of Newton 1724 Wild Boy of Hanover (Peter) captured 1725 Vico publishes La scienza nuova 1726 Swift publishes Gulliver's Travels 1727 Stephen Hale publishes Vegetable Staticks 1728 Voltaire exiled from France for political reasons 1729 Swift publishes A Modest Proposal 1729 Mandeville publishes The Fable of the Bees 1729 Stephen Gray discovers principle of conduction 1734 Voltaire publishes Philosophical Letters (introduces France to Newton) 1739 Hume publishes first volumes of A Treatise of Human Nature 1740 Principia reinterpreted as supporting ether/subtle fluids 1742 Anders Celsius develops Celsius heat measurement scale 1744 Euler publishes on ways to measure curved lines 1746 Condillac publishes Essay on the Origin of Human Understanding 1746 Madame du Chatelet begins French translation of Principia 1746 Leyden Jar makes collection of electricity possible 1747 La Mettrie publishes L'homme machine 1748 Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of Laws 1749 Comte de Buffon publishes The Natural History of Man 1750-1760 Phlogiston theory comes to France and Britain 1751 Benjamin Franklin publishes arguments in favor of one-fluid theory 1751-1765 d'Alembert and Diderot publish the Encyclopedie 1752 Benjamin Franklin performs kite experiment 1754 Condillac publishes Treatise on the Sensations 1756 William Cullen writes about evaporation 1757 Joseph Black postulates "latent heat" 1758 "Symmer's Socks" 1762 Rousseau publishes The Social Contract and Emile 1765 Leibniz publishes the New Essays on the Human Understanding 1772 Lavoisier begins experiments on combustion 1772 Priestly publishes descriptions of different kinds of air 1774 Priestly and Lavoisier perform parallel experiments on calcination 1775 Volta develops battery (elettroforo perpetuo) 1776 American Revolution 1776 Adam Smith publishes Wealth of Nations 1778 Lavoisier coins term "oxygen" 1799-1825 Laplace publishes Celestial Mechanics, proving gravity causes orbits 1781 Lagrange expresses concern that mathematics has reached its limit 1783 Lavoisier publicly denounces phlogiston theory 1784 Herder first introduces concept of Volk 1785 Kant coins term "Age of Enlightenment" 1787 Drafting of the U.S. Constitution 1787 Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) disproves fluid heat theory 1787 Lavoisier publishes Method of Chemical Nomenclature 1788 Lagrange publishes Analytic Mechanics 1789 French Revolution 1789 Jeremy Bentham declares "pain and pleasure" to be masters of mankind 1791 Galvani develops theory of electric currents 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft publishes A Vindication of the Rights of Women 1798 Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population 1800 Wild Boy of Aveyron captured 1807 Hegel publishes Phenomenology of Spirit Political/Cultural Timeline 1649 Charles I deposed; start of Interregnum years 1660 Restoration of Charles II to British throne; end of civil war 1661 Ascension of Louis XIV to French throne; start of ancien regime 1666 French Academie des Sciences founded 1683-1689 Locke leaves England for political reasons 1688 William of Orange takes British throne 1689 British parliamentary system established 1719 Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe 1726 Swift publishes Gulliver's Travels 1728 Voltaire exiled from France for political reasons 1729 Swift publishes A Modest Proposal 1751-1765 d'Alembert and Diderot publish the Encyclopedie 1776 American Revolution 1785 Kant coins term "Age of Enlightenment" 1787 Drafting of the U.S. Constitution 1789 French Revolution Physics/Mathematics Timeline ~1600 Tycho Brahe makes Mars observations 1637 Descartes publishes Geometry 1644 Descartes argues that "quantity of motion" is conserved 1686 Leibniz argues in favor of vis viva 1687 Newton publishes the Principia 1704 Newton publishes the Optiks 1715 Leiden University (Holland) begins extensive experimental work 1720 'sGravesande publishes Introduction to the philosophy of Newton 1734 Voltaire publishes Philosophical Letters (introduces France to Newton) 1744 Euler publishes on ways to measure curved lines 1746 Madame du Chatelet begins French translation of Principia 1781 Lagrange expresses concern that mathematics has reached its limit 1788 Lagrange publishes Analytic Mechanics 1799-1825 Laplace publishes Celestial Mechanics, proving gravity causes orbits Subtle Fluids Timeline 1592 Galileo develops first thermometer 1600 Gilbert's work on electricity and magnetism published 1705 Hauksbee (England) begins generating electricity with glass globes 1727 Stephen Hale publishes Vegetable Staticks 1729 Stephen Gray discovers principle of conduction 1740 Principia reinterpreted as supporting ether/subtle fluids 1742 Anders Celsius develops Celsius heat measurement scale 1746 Leyden Jar makes collection of electricity possible 1751 Benjamin Franklin publishes arguments in favor of one-fluid theory 1752 Benjamin Franklin performs kite experiment 1758 "Symmer's Socks" 1775 Volta develops battery (elettroforo perpetuo) 1787 Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) disproves fluid heat theory 1791 Galvani develops theory of electric currents Chemistry Timeline 1660 Robert Boyle publishes accounts of vacuum experiments 1669 First work on phlogiston published in Germany 1703 Phlogiston theory expanded on 1750-1760 Phlogiston theory comes to France and Britain 1756 William Cullen writes about evaporation 1757 Joseph Black postulates "latent heat" 1772 Lavoisier begins experiments on combustion 1772 Priestly publishes descriptions of different kinds of air 1774 Priestly and Lavoisier perform parallel experiments on calcination 1778 Lavoisier coins term "oxygen" 1783 Lavoisier publicly denounces phlogiston theory 1787 Lavoisier publishes Method of Chemical Nomenclature Philosophy/Psychology/Economics Timeline 1637 Descartes publishes the Discourse on Method 1641 Descartes publishes the Meditations 1671 Locke first drafts An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding 1690 Locke publishes An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding 1690 Locke anonymously publishes Two Treatises of Government 1693 Locke publishes Some Thoughts Concerning Education 1709 George Berkeley publishes New Theory of Vision 1724 Wild Boy of Hanover (Peter) captured 1725 Vico publishes La scienza nuova 1729 Mandeville publishes The Fable of the Bees 1739 Hume publishes first volumes of A Treatise of Human Nature 1746 Condillac publishes Essay on the Origin of Human Understanding 1747 La Mettrie publishes L'homme machine 1748 Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of Laws 1749 Comte de Buffon publishes The Natural History of Man 1754 Condillac publishes Treatise on the Sensations 1762 Rousseau publishes The Social Contract and Emile 1765 Leibniz publishes the New Essays on the Human Understanding 1776 Adam Smith publishes Wealth of Nations 1784 Herder first introduces concept of Volk 1789 Jeremy Bentham declares "pain and pleasure" to be masters of mankind 1798 Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft publishes A Vindication of the Rights of Women 1800 Wild Boy of Aveyron captured 1807 Hegel publishes Phenomenology of Spirit